A14 Reduce indoor temp. and airflow in cattle housing
Last Update:
| Measure | Sector | Net Effect | Impact | Reliability | Tech. rqmt. | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NH3 | N2O | NOx | Nr to water | N2 | ||||||
A14 Reduce indoor temp. and airflow in cattle housing  | Sector Livestock farming | Net Effect 2 | NH3 1 | N2O 3 | NO2  | Nr to water | N2 | Reliability Robust | Tech. rqmts. Medium |
Overview
Implementing barn climatization in cattle housing through slurry cooling, roof insulation, and automatically controlled natural ventilation can significantly contribute to reducing these ammonia and methane emissions (Bittman et al., 2014; Sutton et al., 2022) (Figure 1). By lowering the temperature and air velocities in the barn, ammonia emissions from manures can be minimised since ammonia production is temperature-dependent (Monteny, 2000). Additionally, these measures can have the added benefit of reducing methane emissions as they create a more controlled and optimised environment for livestock, leading to better digestion and waste management (Huynh et al., 2004). However, it is important to recognise that the feasibility of modulating indoor climate conditions to curtail ammonia production is subject to variability and is often contingent upon bioclimatic considerations. The fundamental imperative remains the prioritisation of animal comfort and well-being. A holistic approach encompassing the integration of these methodologies empowers livestock operators to attain heightened sustainability and ecological stewardship in their operations, concurrently upholding optimal standards of animal welfare.
This measure is regarded as a dependable, but depending on system may require intermediate technological requirement to reduce nitrogen emissions.
Figure 1. Cows in cow housing with ventilation control. Picture source: https://pinelandfarms.org/valley-farm-dairy-barn/
Measure Efficiency
The percentage reduction in ammonia emissions achieved by reducing indoor temperature and airflow in cattle housing can vary based on several factors, including the initial conditions, the degree of temperature and airflow reduction, the specific management practices, and the characteristics of the cattle housing facility.
In structures featuring conventional slatted flooring (whether level, slightly inclined at 1%, or grooved), effective management of the barn environment through strategies like roof insulation and/or automated natural ventilation control can lead to a notable reduction in ammonia emissions, typically around 20%. This reduction is primarily attributed to the lowered temperatures, particularly during the warmer months, and the decreased air currents within the housing (Monteny, 2000). Additionally, as these techniques contribute to the cooling of stored manure, they also tend to result in reduced emissions of methane and potentially nitrous oxide.
Whilst few studies have assessed the percentage reduction in nitrogen (i.e. ammonia) emissions that can be achieved by reducing indoor temperature and airflow in cattle housing, the following general assumptions are made:
Reducing Indoor Temperature: Lowering the indoor temperature can potentially lead to reduced ammonia emissions. Ammonia emissions are often higher at higher temperatures due to increased volatilisation of ammonia from manure and urine. However, the actual reduction in ammonia emissions depends on the temperature change and the specifics of the housing system. Reducing the temperature of manures by a few degrees may potentaily lead to an estimated reduction in ammonia emissions ranging from 5% to 20%.
Reducing Airflow: Decreasing the airflow in cattle housing can also influence ammonia emissions. Adequate ventilation is essential to maintain good air quality and animal health. However, reducing airflow too much can lead to poor air quality and negative effects on the catttle. The impact on ammonia emissions will depend on the extent of airflow reduction. It's challenging to provide a specific percentage reduction without knowing the exact conditions, but in some cases, substantial reductions in airflow might result in significant changes in emissions.
It's important to note that estimates can vary widely based on the specifics of the housing system, the cows’ age and health, diet and other manure management practices. Any changes in temperature and airflow should be carefully monitored to ensure they don't compromise the well-being of the animals. Before implementing any changes to temperature or airflow, it's recommended to consult with experts in animal husbandry, veterinarians, and agricultural engineers to ensure that the changes align with animal welfare standards and environmental regulations.
How to implement
Implementing barn climatization to reduce indoor temperature and airflow in cattle housing involves a systematic approach that requires careful planning, technical expertise, and appropriate equipment. Here are the general steps to consider when implementing such a system:
- Assessment and Planning: Evaluate the current ventilation and cooling systems in place. Assess the layout and structure of the cattle housing facility. Consider the local climate and weather conditions. Determine the specific goals and desired temperature and airflow levels.
- System Design: Engage with experts or consultants to design a customised climatization system. Select appropriate cooling methods, such as fans, misting systems, or evaporative cooling. Choose ventilation equipment like louvers, curtains, or automated vents. Design the layout of cooling equipment, airflow control mechanisms, and sensors.
- Equipment Selection and Procurement: Source and purchase the selected cooling and ventilation equipment. Acquire necessary materials for insulation and structural modifications, if required. Procure sensors, controllers, and automation systems for climate control.
- Structural Modifications and Installation: Make structural modifications to accommodate ventilation systems, cooling equipment, and insulation. Install cooling systems, such as fans or misting systems, in appropriate locations. Integrate ventilation controls, louvers, or curtains to regulate airflow.
- Insulation Installation: Apply insulation materials to walls, ceilings, and roofing to regulate indoor temperature. Ensure proper installation to prevent heat transfer between the interior and exterior.
- Climate Control Automation: Install sensors to monitor indoor temperature, humidity, and airflow. Set up automation systems and controllers to adjust cooling and ventilation based on sensor data.
- Energy Infrastructure: Upgrade electrical systems to accommodate increased energy demand. Install electrical outlets and wiring for cooling systems and automation.
- Training and Workforce Development: Train staff responsible for operating and maintaining the climatization system. Educate them on system controls, maintenance procedures, and troubleshooting.
- Testing and Calibration: Test the climatization system to ensure proper functioning and integration. Calibrate sensors, controllers, and automation systems for accurate data collection and adjustments.
- Fine-Tuning and Optimisation: Monitor the system's performance and adjust settings as needed to achieve the desired indoor climate. Fine-tune airflow, temperature, and humidity controls for optimal results.
- Data Monitoring and Reporting: Implement data collection and monitoring systems to track indoor conditions and system performance. Maintain records of temperature, airflow rates, and energy consumption for analysis and reporting.
- Regulatory Compliance: Ensure that the climatization system adheres to local environmental regulations and building codes. Address any necessary permits or approvals required for system installation.
- Ongoing Maintenance and Upkeep: Develop a regular maintenance schedule for cooling systems, ventilation equipment, and sensors. Conduct routine inspections, cleanings, and repairs to ensure consistent performance.
- Continuous Improvement: Monitor the system's impact on temperature reduction, airflow control, and emissions. Continuously seek opportunities for improvement, such as optimising energy efficiency or refining automation.
Implementing barn climatization requires collaboration among experts in ventilation, cooling technology, and animal husbandry. It's essential to tailor the approach to the specific needs and characteristics of the cattle housing facility.
Benefits
Implementing barn climatization to reduce indoor temperature and airflow in cattle housing can offer several benefits which include:
When considering the benefits, it's important to conduct a comprehensive cost-benefit analysis that takes into account the specific characteristics of the operation, the local climate, available technologies, and financial considerations. Working with agricultural experts and consulting with industry peers who have implemented similar systems can provide valuable insights into the potential benefits of barn climatization for a cattle housing facility.
Costs
Captial Costs
The capital costs of implementing barn climatization to reduce indoor temperature and airflow in cattle housing can vary significantly based on factors such as the size of the facility, the specific technologies chosen, the level of automation, and local market conditions. Here's an overview of potential cost components:
It's challenging to provide precise cost estimates without detailed information about the specific project. However, for reference, the overall capital costs for barn climatization improvements could range from thousands to tens of thousands of dollars, depending on the complexity of the system and the size of the facility. To accurately estimate the costs, it's recommended to consult with agricultural engineers, HVAC professionals, and suppliers of the relevant equipment.
Operational Costs
Potential operational costs to consider include the following:
It is important to note that while implementing climatization systems can lead to improved cattle health and productivity, the associated operational costs must be carefully managed to ensure the overall economic viability of the project. Factors specific to location, climate, technology choices, and facility size are required to estimate operational costs accurately. Working with experts in the field can help to make informed decisions about system operation and maintenance.
Risks
References
Bittman, S., M. Dedina, C.M. Howard, O. Oenema, and M.A. Sutton, editors. 2014. Options for Ammonia Mitigation: Guidance from the UNECE Task Force on Reactive Nitrogen. Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Edinburgh, UK.
Monteny, G.J. 2000. Modelling of ammonia emissions from dairy cow houses. PhD Thesis. Wageningen University, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
Sutton, M., C. Howard, K. Mason, W. Brownlie, and Cm. Cordovil, editors. 2022. Nitrogen Opportunities for Agriculture, Food & Environment. UNECE Guidance Document on Integrated Sustainable Nitrogen Management. UK Centre for Ecology & Hydrology, Edinburgh, UK.
Authors
Will Brownlie
UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Scotland